Hypos happen: Understanding hypoglycemia for those without diabetes

When we hear about diabetes, our minds often jump to high blood sugar, strict diets, and insulin shots. But there’s another side to diabetes that’s often overlooked: hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar. For those without diabetes, hypoglycemia might seem irrelevant—but it’s actually more common than most people realise, and it’s crucial for anyone supporting someone with diabetes to understand it. With nearly 4.3 million people living with diabetes in the UK alone, knowing what to do in the event of a hypoglycaemic episode can be life-saving.

In this article, we’ll break down what hypoglycemia is, why it happens, how to recognise it, and what you can do to help, whether for a loved one or even in your own life.

What is hypoglycemia?

Hypoglycemia, often called a “hypo,” occurs when blood glucose levels drop too low, typically below 4 mmol/L. For people with diabetes, hypos are often the result of taking insulin or other glucose-lowering medications. However, hypoglycemia isn’t limited to those with diabetes—it can also affect anyone under certain conditions, including after intense exercise, certain medications, or even dietary changes.

For people with diabetes, managing blood sugar is a careful balancing act. Insulin is essential to help keep blood glucose in a safe range, but factors like timing, food, physical activity, and even stress can make glucose levels unpredictable. A hypo can sneak up on someone with diabetes, making it important for friends, family members, and anyone nearby to recognise the signs and respond quickly.

Why people without diabetes need to understand hypoglycemia

For individuals without diabetes, the idea of low blood sugar might seem irrelevant. However, hypoglycemia is more common than people think. Those who engage in intense physical activity, skip meals, consume large amounts of alcohol, or have certain medical conditions (like liver or kidney issues) can also experience hypoglycemia.

Understanding hypos isn’t just about knowing what people with diabetes experience—it’s about preparedness and empathy. Hypoglycemic episodes can happen in public places, family gatherings, or even at the gym. Knowing how to respond could mean a swift intervention rather than a dangerous escalation.

Spotting a hypo: Symptoms and warning signs

Hypoglycemia symptoms can come on fast, so it’s important to recognise them. For people without diabetes who may not be familiar with the experience, here’s what to look out for:

• Sweating: One of the earliest signs of a hypo. If you see someone sweating heavily without a clear reason, a hypo might be the cause.
• Shakiness and anxiety: A rapid drop in blood sugar affects the nervous system, leading to shaky hands, jitters, and even a feeling of panic.
• Confusion and disorientation: Blood sugar is critical for brain function, so low levels can cause confusion, slurred speech, or erratic behaviour.
• Drowsiness or fatigue: Low blood sugar saps energy, leaving someone feeling weak, tired, or unusually sleepy.
• Paleness and dizziness: Blood flow changes can cause pallor and light-headedness, making the person appear unsteady or faint.
• Irritability or mood swings: Low blood sugar can alter mood, leading to irritability or even anger that seems out of character.

Having a fast-acting source of glucose on hand can quickly help a person experiencing these symptoms. Sugar tablets, a small sugary snack, or a sugary drink are usually the best options.

Common causes of hypoglycemia for people with and without diabetes

People with diabetes are more likely to experience hypoglycemia due to medication, but low blood sugar can occur in others as well. Here’s a look at some common triggers:

• Intense exercise: Exercise uses up glucose rapidly, especially if it’s prolonged or intense, putting athletes and active individuals at risk.
• Irregular meals or fasting: Skipping meals or going long periods without eating can cause blood sugar levels to plummet, especially in those sensitive to blood sugar dips.
• Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach can interfere with the liver’s ability to release glucose, potentially leading to a delayed hypo, especially overnight.
• Underlying health conditions: Conditions such as Addison’s disease, kidney failure, and liver disease can disrupt the body’s glucose regulation.

For people with diabetes, these factors are further complicated by the need to time medication, meals, and activity with precision, which is why it’s essential for their support network to understand these lifestyle impacts.

What to do in the event of a hypo

Knowing how to respond to hypoglycemia can prevent a situation from escalating into an emergency. Here’s a quick guide:

1. Stay calm and check: If someone you know with diabetes is showing signs of a hypo, ask them if they think they’re experiencing one. Most people with diabetes will carry a blood glucose meter, so if they’re able to, let them check.
2. Offer fast-acting sugar: If you suspect a hypo and they can’t check their glucose level, offer them 15-20g of fast-acting sugar (like a sugary drink, glucose tablets, or a small snack). Avoid foods with fat, like chocolate, as they slow glucose absorption.
3. Wait and recheck: After 15 minutes, if possible, they should recheck their blood glucose levels. If it’s still low, offer another 15-20g of fast-acting sugar.
4. Seek help if needed: If symptoms don’t improve, call for medical assistance. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to unconsciousness or seizures, requiring immediate help.

Supporting someone with diabetes: Practical tips

For people without diabetes who have loved ones managing it, there are simple ways to offer support:

• Learn the basics of diabetes management: Whether it’s understanding insulin or recognising hypoglycemia symptoms, awareness goes a long way.
• Be prepared for hypos in social settings: If you’re going out to eat, to a party, or even for a walk, carry a sugary snack or drink just in case.
• Open communication: People with diabetes may feel pressure to manage everything on their own, but open conversations can reduce stress and help everyone feel more prepared.

The importance of empathy and understanding

For those without diabetes, hypoglycemia may seem mysterious or even alarming, but understanding it can help remove the fear around it. Hypoglycemia is a part of life for many with diabetes, but that doesn’t mean it’s easy to handle alone. Offering a calm, informed response not only helps keep the person safe but also fosters a caring, supportive environment.

With an estimated 700 people diagnosed with diabetes daily in the UK, building a better understanding of hypoglycemia and diabetes management is essential for a healthier, more empathetic society. So next time you’re with a friend, family member, or even a stranger who may have diabetes, remember: a little knowledge can make a big difference.

By recognising and demystifying hypoglycemia, we can create a safer and more supportive world for people with diabetes and promote a culture of compassion and health awareness. Whether for a loved one or for your own health knowledge, learning about hypoglycemia is an invaluable step toward a healthier, better-informed future.